The Determinants of Household Debt Defa

Based on a new dataset obtained from survey data, we study household debt default behavior in Chile. Previous research in this area suggests financial and personal variables that can help estimate individual and group probabilities of default. We study mortgage and consumer default separately, as the default decisions and overall borrower behavior are different for each type of debt. Our study finds that income and income-related variables are the only significant and robust variables that explain default for both types of debt. Demographic or personal variables are specific to one or the other type of debt but not to both. For example, level of education is a factor that affects mortgage default, whereas the determinants of consumer debt default include the age of the household head, and the number of people within the household that contribute to the total family income. We derive threshold probabilities of default for each type of debt and compare them to those obtained from results of previous work based on the same Chilean data, but with a different approach. We find that the probability of default decreases as the family income increases, and that our estimates are consistent with other studies similar to ours. Also consistently with previous research, we find that, in terms of the distribution of debt and default risk, the largest portion of the country’s household debt is in the hands of families in the upper quintiles, who have the lowest risk of default. This implies that the overall financial system should be relatively stable, even in the face of moderate macroeconomic shocks.

Infectious bronchitis virus variants in chickens: evolution, surveillance, control and prevention

Infectious bronchitis is a disease of the upper respiratory tract of chickens caused by a Gammacoronavirus (infectious bronchitis virus, IBV). Severe economic losses are caused by IBV due to a reduction in egg production and/or egg quality in layers in addition to poor feed conversion and increased condemnations in broiler chickens. The extreme variability of this virus is in part due to its RNA genome, which predisposes it to mutations and generates genetic variation. In addition, recombination events add to the variability of this virus. IBV variability was first described in 1956 by Jungherr. Since then, dozens of serotypes and hundreds of genotypes have been reported. Variant IBV strains are those that, can escape from the immunity generated by conventional strains, despite not being fully different from conventional strains affecting a geographic region. At the genomic level, these differences can be equal or greater than 5% of the hypervariable region of the S1 gene. These variant strains are usually restricted to geographic regions and most of the time are transient, reason why diagnostics and epidemiological surveillance are crucial to determine their existence and persistence. The main goal of surveillance is to assist the development of efficient preventative measures in the field. This review aims to critically analyse the literature related to IBV variability and judiciously comment and discuss on how to better prevent this poultry endemic disease

The effect of diatomaceous earth in live, attenuated infectious bronchitis vaccine, immune responses, and protection against challenge.

Live virus vaccines are commonly used in poultry production, particularly in broilers. Massive application and generation of a protective local mucosal and humoral immunity with no adverse effects is the main goal for this strategy. Live virus vaccines can be improved by adding adjuvants to boost mucosal innate and adaptive responses. In a previous study we showed that diatomaceous earth (DE) can be used as adjuvant in inactivated vaccines. The aim of this study was to test DE as adjuvant in an Ark-DPI live infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccine after ocular or spray application. Titrating the virus alone or after addition of DE showed that DE had no detrimental effect on the vaccine virus. However, adding DE to the vaccine did not induce higher IgG titers in the serum and IgA titers in tears. It also did not affect the frequency of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and monocytes/macrophages in the blood and the spleen determined by flow cytometry. In addition, protection generated against IBV homologous challenges, measured by viral load in tears, respiratory signs and histopathology in tracheas, did not vary when DE was present in the vaccine formulation. Finally, we confirmed through our observations that Ark vaccines administered by hatchery spray cabinet elicit weaker immune responses and protection against an IBV homologous challenge compared to the same vaccine delivered via ocular route

Análisis de Derechos Contingentes: Aplicación a Casas Comerciales

The Contingent Claim Analysis (CCA) is a useful tool for the risk analysis of listed companies. In this paper, we present the application of CCA to the department-store firms listed on the Chilean stock market. We obtain two main results: (1) the simplified version of distance to default proposed by Byström (2007) works for these firms, and (2) the distance to default found for this group of firms can be related to macroeconomic variables such as unemployment rate, output growth, and interest rate.

Incidentes críticos de erosão da confiança na liderança de chefes de enfermagem

Investigations show that distrust towards head figures has a particularly negative effect on organizational dynamics. Because of this, the main types of behavior associated with distrust in nursing professionals with leadership duties have been identified, examining which aspect of reliability is most frequently related to distrust. Based on an analysis of 61 critical incidents, selected from 90 hospital employees, the most frequently mentioned behavior types related to distrust were "Public Abuse", "Not giving permission for time off for a special occasion" and especially an erosion of trustworthiness in the leader's integrity dimension. The implications of these findings are discussed, so that nursing professionals can avoid the development of distrust in interpersonal relationships and damage to the appropriate functioning of health services.Investigaciones muestran que la desconfianza hacia las jefaturas tiene un especial efecto negativo en la dinámica organizacional. Por ello, se identificaron los principales tipos de conductas asociadas a desconfiar de profesionales de enfermería con cargo de jefatura y se examinó cual dimensión de la confiabilidad se relaciona más frecuentemente con la desconfianza. Basándose en el análisis de 61 incidentes críticos obtenidos de 90 funcionarios de un hospital, se identificó que los tipos de conducta que generaban más frecuentemente mención de desconfianza fueron "Maltrato en público" y "No dar un permiso para algo especial"; y que se erosiona especialmente la confiabilidad del jefe en la dimensión integridad. Se discuten las implicancias de estos hallazgos para que los profesionales de enfermería que ejercen liderazgo eviten el surgimiento y desarrollo de la desconfianza en sus relaciones interpersonales y no perjudiquen el apropiado funcionamiento de los servicios de salud.Algumas investigações mostram que a desconfiança nos chefes produz um efeito especialmente negativo nas dinâmicas organizacionais. Assim, identificamos os principais tipos de condutas associadas a desconfiar dos profissionais de enfermagem com cargos de chefes; também, examinaram-se quais dimensões da confiabilidade se relacionam mais frequentemente com a desconfiança. Baseando-se na análise de 61 incidentes críticos coletados em 90 funcionários de um hospital, identificou-se que os tipos de condutas que geravam mais frequentemente a menção de desconfiança eram acontecimentos de "Maus-tratos em público" e "Não dar uma permissão para algo especial"; e que se desgasta, especialmente, a confiabilidade do chefe na dimensão integridade. Discutem-se as implicações destes resultados para que os profissionais da enfermagem, que exercem a liderança, evitem o seu surgimento e o posterior desenvolvimento de desconfiança nas suas relações interpessoais, as que são prejudiciais para o adequado funcionamento dos serviços de saúde

Educación para la paz y la ciudadanía desde la música como lenguaje universal de las emociones

La música tiene la gran capacidad de transferir sentimientos para cambiar /transformar la sociedad. Por tanto, la música puede resultar una terapia para trabajar tanto con niños como con adultos, en la escuela o fuera de ella. La música es un eje para el desarrollo integral de nuestra realidad. Da luz a nuestra oscuridad y puede, si nos lo proponemos, convertirse en un pertinente recurso terapéutico para la humanidad, generando bases sólidas de comportamiento, que nos guiaran por un verdadero camino ético hacia la generosidad. Asumimos que la música como código de circulación ética, es una fuente de alimento para el espíritu, ayuda al hombre a través de su semántica a ser mejor persona, a la superación constante por y para los demás, supone una esperanza real de transformación de la sociedad y libertad de pensamiento, es una herramienta fundamental de integración social para avanzar en materia de derechos humanos y erradicar la pobreza. En las sociedades más vulnerables la música crea lazos de afectividad, favorece la desaparición de las desigualdades de género, crea esperanza de cohesión social bien entendida, ilusión y futuro, en definitiva sensibiliza a una sociedad cambiando sus actitudes de compromiso hacia la creación y por ende es el lenguaje universal de los sentimientos.The music has the great ability transfer feelings to change /transformar society. Therefore, music can be a therapy to work with both children and adults, in school or out of it. Music is a hub for the integral development of our reality. It gives light to our darkness and can, if we intend it, become a relevant therapeutic resource for mankind, generating solid bases of behavior, which guide us for a true ethical path to generosity. We assume that music as a code of ethical movement, is a source of food for the spirit, help the man through its semantics to be better person, to the constant improvement by and others, represents a real hope of transforming society and freedom of thought, is a fundamental tool of social integration to advance human rights and poverty eradication. In them societies more vulnerable the music creates ties of affection, favors the disappearance of them inequalities of gender, creates hope of cohesion social well understood, illusion and future, in definitive sensitizes to a society changing their attitudes of commitment towards the creation and by ende is the language universal of them feelingsEn esta conferencia tras exponer los beneficios que aporta la música a la sociedad en general y al ser humano en particular, nos centramos en una práctica de aula que como maestras de infantil, llevamos a cabo en un Centro Público de Infantil y Primaria de la Comunidad Valenciana. La experiencia ha sido un trabajo en equipo, en el que nos involucramos todos, tanto maestras como niños/as y que poco a poco, a la vez que adquiría forma el Proyecto, nos iba emocionando

“Integration of role-play in the classroom to develop english language communication skills”

The English language teaching-learning process is currently in great demand, so it is necessary to use innovative methods and techniques that facilitate it, such as role-play, which is an active technique designed to promote the development of communication skills in students. This study was carried out due to the lack of information at the institutional level that reveals strategies that allow students to improve communication skills in the English language. The objective of the research was to analyze problems in speaking and students' opinions about role-play to motivate its implementation within the teaching-learning process of English as a foreign language for the development of communication skills (speech). A quantitative methodology was used since the main data collection instrument was the opinion survey applied to 20 A1 students from the Language Center of the Technical University of Cotopaxi. Regarding the results obtained, it is evident that there are difficulties such as fluency, grammar, and pronunciation when using the language in different activities or situations inside and outside the classroom, which are necessary skills to develop in this language. On the other hand, teachers do not frequently apply role play in their classes but use other activities. It was concluded that the use of role-playing is an entertaining technique that helps the development of communication skills, providing several benefits for student learning, but they do not like to get involved in activities to develop speaking skills since they believe they have difficulty communicating in the foreign language. In addition, it encourages the constant practice of the English language.El proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje del idioma inglés actualmente tiene una gran demanda, por lo que es necesario utilizar métodos y técnicas innovadoras que lo faciliten, como el role-play, que es una técnica activa diseñada para promover el desarrollo de las habilidades comunicativas en los estudiantes. Este estudio se realizó debido a la falta de información a nivel institucional que revele estrategias que permitan a los estudiantes mejorar las habilidades comunicativas en el idioma inglés. El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar los problemas al hablar y las opiniones de los estudiantes sobre el juego de roles para motivar su implementación dentro del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje del inglés como lengua extranjera para el desarrollo de las habilidades comunicativas (habla). Se utilizó una metodología cuantitativa ya que el principal instrumento de recolección de datos fue la encuesta de opinión aplicada a 20 estudiantes A1 del Centro de Idiomas de la Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi. En cuanto a los resultados obtenidos, se evidencia que existen dificultades como fluidez, gramática y pronunciación al momento de utilizar el idioma en diferentes actividades o situaciones dentro y fuera del aula, las cuales son habilidades necesarias a desarrollar en este idioma. Por otro lado, los docentes no aplican con frecuencia el juego de roles en sus clases, sino que utilizan otras actividades. Se concluyó que el uso del juego de roles es una técnica entretenida que ayuda al desarrollo de las habilidades comunicativas, brindando varios beneficios para el aprendizaje de los estudiantes, pero no les gusta involucrarse en actividades para desarrollar la habilidad de hablar ya que creen que tienen dificultad para comunicarse. en el idioma extranjero. Además, fomenta la práctica constante del idioma inglés

The Effect of Legal Reform on Feminicides in Mexico

Thesis advisor: Matthew RutledgeFeminicides are the gender motivated killings of women. In other words, they are the killing of women because they are women. This difference in motive from homicides means that feminicides merit legal distinction, which led all 32 Mexican states to reform their penal codes in order to include feminicide. This paper investigates the evolution of feminicide typifications across states, and evaluates whether states with stronger feminicide laws have been more effective at enforcing justice by having higher prosecution rates for feminicides. Three factors are of particular importance when measuring the strength of feminicide laws: (1) the number of objective criteria used to recognize gender motive; (2) the presence of subjective elements; and (3) the recognition of feminicide as an autonomous crime. This paper finds that between 2010 and 2017, the typification of feminicide laws improved for all three criteria, but many states continue to have laws that are far from ideal. Over the last decade, feminicide prosecution rate fell as a result of an increase in violence throughout the country, even though the number of feminicide prosecutions increased. Yet the strength of the laws had a positive and significant effect on feminicide prosecutions, suggesting that the decrease in the feminicide prosecution rate would have been greater were it not for the stronger laws. This paper finds that the average improvement in the feminicide laws led to an increase in the feminicide prosecution rate of between 12% and 21%.Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2021.Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences.Discipline: Scholar of the College.Discipline: Economics